Focus Group Interviews: A 90-Minute Guide, Questions and Analysis

April 6, 2026

Author: Shusaku Yosa

フォーカスグループインタビュー（FGI）とは？やり方・メリット・デメリット・デプスインタビューとの違いまで解説

A focus group interview is a qualitative research session in which a moderator guides several participants through a shared topic. Interaction can reveal different experiences, interpretations and reasons for choosing an option.

A small group does not estimate what percentage of an entire market holds an opinion. Use focus groups to develop explanations and hypotheses, then investigate their prevalence or behavioral relevance with suitable additional research.

Choose the method for the question

Method	Useful purpose	Limitation
Focus group	Compare reactions and perspectives on a shared topic	Dominant voices and conformity can influence responses
In-depth interview	Trace an individual’s experience and decisions	Does not expose the same group interaction
Survey	Examine the distribution of defined responses	Interpretation depends on questions and sampling

Choose individual interviews for experiences people may not discuss comfortably with others or for detailed work processes. If you need to know whether people can operate an interface, observation or usability testing may be more appropriate than discussion alone.

Define the decision and recruitment criteria

Replace a broad aim such as “evaluate a new service” with a question such as “identify what information is missing during comparison and why.” Decide which design or communication choices the findings will inform.

For a fictional booking-service study, eligibility might include having booked a similar service in the previous 30 days and being able to describe the comparison process. Recruit for relevant behavior and experience, not demographics alone. Consider whether existing relationships or hierarchy could inhibit discussion.

A small planning example might use four to six participants, but appropriate size depends on the topic, people, time and format. Separate groups may be needed for substantially different experiences. Do not generalize one group’s findings to all customers.

A proposed 90-minute discussion guide

This example investigates booking experiences. Use a moderator and a note-taker, and pilot the questions and timing before the session.

Time	Activity	Example prompt or technique
0–10 minutes	Purpose, recording and ground rules	Explain that different experiences are welcome
10–25 minutes	Recent experience	Where did you begin looking the last time you booked?
25–45 minutes	Comparison and difficulty	What was unclear at the point you hesitated?
45–65 minutes	Review materials or concepts	Write individual first impressions before discussing
65–80 minutes	Alternatives and decision criteria	Under what conditions would you choose another method?
80–90 minutes	Missing points and close	What have we not covered, and have we understood correctly?

Ask neutral questions

Instead of “This screen is convenient, isn’t it?”, ask “What did you expect to do next when you saw this screen?” Rather than relying on “Would you buy it?”, ask participants to reconstruct their last real comparison and decision.

Use participants’ own words when probing. Ask what informed a choice instead of supplying the explanation you hope to hear. Hypothetical intentions can be useful context, but they are not observed purchasing behavior.

Reduce conformity and uneven participation

Collect private initial responses before open discussion. Invite people in turn and ask whether anyone had a different experience. Acknowledge a frequent speaker and make room for others. Silence is not agreement, and a focus group does not need to reach consensus.

Before recording, explain the purpose, recording method, use of the material, access, retention arrangements and how participants can decline participation or a question. Avoid unnecessary personal information and use participant codes in shared notes.

Separate observation from interpretation

Analysis field	What to capture
Participant and context	Participant code, question and material shown
Observation or statement	The recorded comment and surrounding context
Code or theme	A category such as unclear price or booking conditions
Interpretation	The proposed explanation
Contradictions or gaps	Different experiences and unanswered questions
Next check	A revision, another interview or a quantitative study

Review notes and recordings after the session, preserving both common themes and contrary examples. Four of six participants mentioning something does not justify saying that 67% of customers want it. Frequency of mention is not automatically importance. Explain the circumstances behind the finding and connect it to a concrete change or further test.