Rendering

Rendering refers to the process by which web browsers and search engines display search results and web pages to users. This involves several specific steps:

HTML Rendering

1. HTML Parsing:

   • The browser retrieves the HTML document from the server and parses it to create the Document Object Model (DOM) tree. This DOM tree represents the structure and content of the web page.

CSS Rendering

1. CSS Parsing:

   • The browser parses the CSS files to apply style rules and determine the layout and design of each element. This defines the visual appearance of the web page.

JavaScript Execution

1. JavaScript Execution:

   • The browser executes JavaScript code included in the page, generating dynamic content and interactive elements. JavaScript can manipulate the DOM tree and CSS to alter the page display.

Render Tree Construction

1. Render Tree Construction:

   • The browser combines the DOM tree and the CSS Object Model (CSSOM) tree to build the render tree. The render tree includes only the elements that are actually visible on the page.

Layout Calculation

1. Layout Calculation:

   • The browser calculates the position and size of each element, determining the overall layout of the page.

Painting

1. Painting:

   • The browser converts the elements in the render tree into pixels and draws them on the screen. This is the process that allows users to see and interact with the web page.

Through these processes, the browser parses the web page and transforms it into a form that users can view and interact with. Similarly, search results are displayed in the same manner, with the search engine constructing the results as HTML, which the browser then renders for the user.